21st Century Hybrid Car and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology Assessment, Report for the Department of Energy: Series on Renewable Energy, Biofuels, Bioenergy, and Biobased Products

At What Types of Vehicles Are We Looking? * What Is a Vehicle? * Hybrid-Electric Vehicles: Theory and Design * Energy Use in Conventional Vehicles * Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drivetrains * Emissions Trade-Offs * Elements of Hybrid Design * Parallel Hybrids * Series Hybrids * Component Sizing * A Dated "Thermostat" Concept * Grid-Independent Hybrids * Grid-Connected Hybrids * Limited Performance Hybrids * Role of Component Efficiency * Trends in Hybrid Efficiency over Time * Methodology and Modeling Issues * Modeling the Vehicle * ADVISOR Model and Validation * Rules for Comparing Vehicles and Modeling Difficulties * Selecting a Conventional Engine/Hybrid Engine Pair for Comparison * Engine Maps * Adequacy of Transmission Modeling * Zero to 60 mph Acceleration Times * Hybrid Design and the Impact of Cost Considerations * Fair Treatment of Time and Context * Calculating the Energy Use of Grid-Connected Hybrids * Cost Modeling * Common Components' Retail Price Equivalent * Allocation of Indirect Costs * Component Cost Information * OEM Manufactured Components * Outsourced Electric Powertrain Components * Outsourced Battery Pack * Modeling Concerns * Results of Vehicle Modeling * Description of the Vehicles Evaluated * Vehicle Control Strategy driving Cycles * Other Critical Assumptions * Estimating Energy Use from Grid-Connected HEVs Model Results * Energy Flow for a Midsize Automobile * One Example of a Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain * One Configuration of a Series Hybrid Drivetrain * Saturn 1.9-L Fuel Use Map with FTPRP Coverage * Plots of Measured and Estimated Z60 Time vs. the Vehicle Power-to-Weight Ratio for Conventional Vehicles and Hybrids * A Day's Driving for a Grid-Connected Hybrid Vehicle: SOC vs.Time or Distance * Cumulative Share of Vehicles Traveling vs. Miles Traveled, from the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. * Speed Profile of the New York City Cycle * Speed Profile of the Japan 10/15 Cycle * Speed Profile of the Federal Test Procedure * Speed Profile of the U.S. No. 6 Cycle * Speed Profile of the Highway Cycle * HEV Fuel Economy Advantage over CVs, for Different Driving HEV Fuel Economy Advantage over CVs, Measured in Gallons Saved in 10 Hours of Driving * Fuel Economy Variation of CV and HEVs with Z60 Requirements Hybrid Vehicles' Fuel Economy Improvement over CVs as a Function of Acceleration Times * CV and HEV Gradeability at 55 mph, Grid-Independent Parallel Hybrids * Projected Year 2010 Cost of CVs and Hybrids * Vehicle Cost as a Function of Acceleration Requirements * Breakeven Fuel Prices for CVs and Parallel Grid-Independent Full Hybrids, Three Performance Levels

"This report presents the results of the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology Assessment (HEVTA). Hybrid electric vehicles, or HEVs, are vehicles with drivetrains that combine an electric drive (including electric motor and some form of electricity storage) with a refuelable power plant (e.g., an internal combustion engine). This combination is capable of significantly improving vehicle efficiency. Toyota's Prius and Honda's Insight cars are both HEVs, the first commercial examples. A full technology assessment (TA) examines the effects on society of introducing a new technology or expanding the use of an existing technology, including a full range of costs and benefits. This assessment focuses particularly on the energy impacts and costs of HEVs. The focus is on the individual vehicle. We do not attempt to project the impacts of alternative scenarios when large numbers of HEVs gradually penetrate the ve